Ethics

Deontological ethics (道义论的)
-Act is wrong or right regardless of consequences

Consequentialist or teleological ethical theories （后果论、目的论）
-rightness of an action is determined by its consequences

Basic ethical frameworks

Kantian-duty-based, rights-based, deontological （康德哲学的）

• Universality--morality is defined in terms of rules that apply to all persons equally
• Value lies in autonomy, rights, freedom and justice
• People treated as ends

Virtue-create virtuous members of a community; pursuit of "the good"

• Morals are internally motivated
• Society seeks to produce good persons who act well out of spontaneous goodness
• Citizens become virtuous through participation in virtuous institutions
• Emphasis on living a good life with and for others, achieving moral excellence

Utilitarian-consequence-based, maximize happiness

• Economic metaphors
• Actions are judged right or wrong solely through their consequences
• Right actions are those that produce the balance of happiness over unhappiness
• each person's happiness is equally significant

Care--unequal and personal relationships (feminist approach)

• Particular relationships and emotion have moral worth
• Care for self and others
• Recognition that people have differing capabilities and interdependencies
• Dependency is not bad
• meets needs for ethics....